transactions costs

In e-commerce transactions, in order to save a lot of work and time spending on negotiations, improve efficiency of transactions, reduce the costs of transactions, it is necessary to achieve the automatic or semi-automatic negotiations.

在电子商务交易中，为了节省买卖双方为谈判完成交易所花费的大量工作和时间，提高交易效率，有效降低交易成本，有必要实现自动或半自动谈判。

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In the presence of transactions costs, the arbitrage argument used by Black-Scholes to price option no longer can be used: because continuous trading would be ruinously expensive, no matter how small transactions costs might be as a percentage of turnover.

Black-scholes的理论是在无市场摩擦的状况下得到的，如果存在交易费用，上述讨论不再有效，无论交易费用多么小，连续的头寸调整也会带来巨额的交易成本。

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If such payment or receipt of costs or fees is not made in the same way as that for business transactions among independent enterprises for the purpose of reducing its taxable income amount, the tax authority has the power to make necessary adjustment.

不按照独立企业之间的业务往来收取或者支付价款、费用，而减少其应纳税的所得额的，税务机关有权进行合理调整。

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That means higher transactions costs for Chinese companies, too, compared to traditional cross-border trade in dollars.

这对于中国公司而言，意味着比传统的美元交易要付出更高的交易成本。

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Both Mr Williamson and Ms Ostrom have built on Mr Coase's idea that all transactions have costs but that these costs will be minimised by different institutional arrangements in different situations.

威廉姆森和奥斯特罗姆的理论都是基于科斯所有交易都有成本的思想，并且认为这些成本在不同的情况下能经由合适的机制安排而减到最小。

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Transaction cost theory postulates that related party transactions can reduce transaction costs and increase firm value by transforming the transactions from market to company inside.

交易费用理论认为，关联交易将市场交易转变为公司集团内部的交易，可以节约交易成本，提升企业价值。

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Having a smaller number of currencies is a phenomenon that makes a lot of sense economically, economising on transactions' costs and leveraging economies of scale.

货币的种类减少，是一种具有重大经济学意义的现象，可以节省交易成本并利用规模效益。

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As the presence of transactions costs, deviations from purchase power parity ( PPP) may follow a nonlinear process that is mean reverting.

由于存在交易成本，偏离购买力平价可能呈非线性的均值回复特性。

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Industry associations is the main market transactions to reduce transaction costs and reached a series of contractual arrangements, which spontaneously formed by the Member, in the market activities, and industries for the logo is of mutual benefit, non-profit, non-governmental social organizations.

行业协会是市场交易主体为了减少交易成本而达成的一系列合约安排，它由会员自发成立、在市场中开展活动、以行业为标识，是互益性、非营利、非政府的社会组织。

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Nonetheless, in some situations, transactions costs are sufficiently low so that the efficient bargain can be struck.

尽管如此，在某些情况下，交易成本相当低，所以有效率的交易是可以达到的。

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"Between-the-border" improvements in trade facilitation infrastructure and institutions to decrease transactions costs, such as customs administration, transport and communications.

对贸易便利化基础设施和机制进行“边境间的”改进，以降低交易成本，例如改进海关管理、交通和通讯。

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Theory area, starting from the most basic unit of transaction, the enterprise is a collection of transactions. The transactions inevitably produce costs. Management accounting based on hierarchical structures and trade contracts is an effective way to govern internal and external transactions.

理论方面，从最基本的交易单元入手，将企业视为交易的集合，交易必然产生交易成本，企业治理内、外交易成本的有效途径就是依据层级结构和交易契约建立起来的管理会计。

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And the market microstructure is determined by three parameters-the inter-temporal discount rate, the per unit transactions costs of the pure intermediary and the most efficient dealer.

市场的微观结构决定于三个参数&跨期替代率、纯粹中介单位交易量的交易成本与最有效率的套利中间人单位交易量的成本。

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Much economic progress consists of reducing transaction costs to allow more sophisticated transactions to take place.

经济的进步,很大程度上就是降低交易成本,使更为先进复杂的交易成为可能.

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Transactions costs are also not included.

交易费用同样并无计算在内。

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And the transactions costs include all of the costs taken place in the no-material-producing in which minimizing the costs is the standard of behavior.

根据康芒斯和米塞斯的定义，人与人之间的有意义的行动即是交易行为，交易成本则包括一切不直接发生在物质生产过程中的成本，成本最小是其行为准则。

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A general principle that charges for making payments must be related to the transactions' actual costs would both end some abuses and stimulate use of the cost-effective debit card system.

出台一个通行的原则，规定付款手续费必须与交易的实际金额挂钩，将终结一些滥收手续费的现象，并促使人们使用更划算的借记卡系统。

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High transactions costs are the main impediment standing in the way of a systematic shift from informal to formal mechanisms for managing and pooling risk for poorer households and small entrepreneurs.

高额的交易成本是对贫困家庭和小型企业进行风险管理和防范时，保险体制从非正式险种向正式险种转移过程中的主要障碍。

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